Tourist centre in Africa
Tourism officials yesterday set up a gateway information centre in Tsitsikamma to target national and international tourists travelling between the Eastern and Western Cape.
The Inter-Provincial Eastern Gateway Tourism Centre project has been bankrolled by the Western Cape tourism department and is aimed at providing information and encouraging visitors to explore lesser known areas of the two provinces.
Cape Town Routes Unlimited, with tourism departments in both the Western and Eastern Cape, launched the centre at the Tsitsikamma Total Petroport.
Cape Town Routes Unlimited‘s leisure marketing co- ordinator Minette Smit said yesterday‘s launch was the first step in a move discussed at last year‘s tourism indaba in Durban in which coastal provinces agreed to co-ordinate efforts to improve their tourism experience.
The organisation‘s tourism operations manager, Marisa van der Merwe, said the idea was to welcome both national and international tourists to either province as they stopped at the Petroport, situated on the N2 between Plettenberg Bay and Port Elizabeth.
Although the centre was at present housed in a marquee, a log cabin on the site had been approved.
Eden District municipality mayor Rudi Laws said the Southern Cape desperately needed a bumper holiday season to make money available for repairing the massive damage caused by the floods last month.
Monday, May 25, 2009
Wednesday, March 18, 2009
HEALTHY FOOD THAT CAN CAUSE WEIGHT LOSS
Best food tips to help lose weight
Many people who want to lose weight find it difficult to know which foods to choose for the best weight loss results. Losing weight by swapping and changing to different diets is not the best way, we need to find a way of reducing energy content from the normal foods we eat every day. We need to learn certain food rules to help form better eating habits.
Feed the Muscle is all about BUILDING Your Metabolism
An increased metabolic rate means you can potentially:1. Exercise less
2. Enjoy your favorite foods
3. Still Enjoy social meets
4. Spend less on low-fat foods..and STILL Lose Fat Weight!
Learn more about Burn the Fat, Feed the Muscle Here!
We should learn to pick out the best foods from our normal daily diet and use them to form the basis for our new healthy eating habits. This gives familiarity to the new way of eating rather than the idea that the individual is "on a diet". Trying to lose weight on a specific diet relays the message that it will end some day. When a diet ends many people gain back most, if not all the weight lost.
Here are some suggestions on how to eat foods to help lose weight...
Try not to have too much variety of food for each meal
Evidence has shown humans always consume more food and calories when there is more choice on offer. For example, have you ever been at a buffet style meal where its “eat all you can” no matter how much we eat there always seems to be room for one more item maybe that delicious looking dessert or ice cream!
Many diets in the past have been based on a similar principle, the cabbage soup diet, the vegetable diet, etc.
Health experts state always eat a balanced diet which may seem to contradict the above statement. However, it is possible to select a balanced diet and lower amount of choice for each meal by eating regular small meals.
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Be careful what you add to healthy foods
Salads are one of the best foods for losing weight, they very popular for many dieters trying to lose the weight fast. The problem is people often add sauces or creams to add taste to an otherwise bland food. Mayonnaise is a common addition to salads but it is very high in calories and fat and a salad with too much Mayonnaise can be just as high in calories than some of the worst weight loss foods.
Baked potatoes are also a great food to help lose weight when part of a small, low calorie meal but again, some people spoil this great example by adding tons of butter. Filling a baked potato with baked beans or cottage cheese is probably the best way to add taste and more nutrition to this low calorie food.
The idea is when choosing the best foods to help lose weight try not to neutralize the food's possible weight loss benefits, be careful with what you add!
Eat a little high quality protein food with each meal or snack
One study in the UK for the atkins diet has shown that it wasn't the low carbs that were the reason the volunteers were losing weight, it also wasn't the ketosis which was causing the body to boost the metabolism. In fact it was believed to be the protein content. The protein in each meal was helping to dull the appetite causing volunteers to actually consume less calories than those on the low fat diet.
If Dr Atkins discovered protein's ability to suppress appetite then why don't we simply include some protein at each meal without the hassle or expense of completely changing our whole dietary foods in order to lose weight.
Adding protein food to each meal along with the idea of eating more meals in a day may be difficult to keep calories low enough to lose weight. This idea means adding another "choice", plus protein foods are often high in calories. To combat this problem some people combine protein foods, combining certain plant foods can help lose weight because they are usually low in calories, high in fiber and it limits the choice of foods within each meal as only two types of plant foods need to be combined.
FOOD THAT CAN CAUSE WEIGHT LOSS
THE 20 BEST WEIGHT-LOSS FOODS
Looking for an easy way to lose a few pounds? We've got the program. It's simple, and it works. So get with it.By Lisa Dorfman, M.S., R.D.
From the April 2009 issue of Runner's World
Many runners would like to lose a pound or 2. Maybe 5. Maybe more. Why? That's easy: to feel better, look better, improve their health, and run farther and faster.However, losing weight can be surprisingly difficult. In fact, national health surveys show Americans in general are getting fatter. Sure, regular runners should be ahead of the pack, but many are still losing the weight-gain war.What you need is a simple plan. Here it is, in just two parts: (1) Make a little more time to run; (2) Concentrate on a handful of dietary changes that, over the course of a year, can produce significant weight-loss results.Below we've listed 20 great diet changes that you'll find easy to achieve. Many of them will help you cut 100 calories or more from a single serving. Now do the math. Say you eat this particular food or meal three times a week. That's 100 x 3 x 52, or 15,600 calories saved in a year. Which comes to almost 5 pounds, since you'll lose one pound for every 3,500 calories cut from your food intake. Make another food substitution, and you're up to 10 pounds. Beyond that, the sky's the limit. Here's your meal-by-meal planner.
BREAKFAST
Don't skip breakfast. A good breakfast is the most crucial part of any healthy weight-loss effort, as it revs up your energy level and metabolism for the full day.Homemade raisin bran Description: Mix one cup of Total cereal, a packet of raisins, and 1 cup nonfat milk. This simple home recipe with 244 calories fortifies you with 100 percent of the Daily Value for most vitamins and minerals, boosts your protein intake by 12 grams, and gives you a sweet, natural fiber and sugar source.You'll Save: 50 calories, 6 teaspoons of sugar, and 5 grams of fat compared with ready-to-serve raisin bran doused with a cup of 2-percent milk.Scrambled whites with greensDescription: This low-fat, scrambled-egg alternative provides 54 grams of high-quality dietary protein in just 255 calories. First, spray your frying pan with fat-free Pam. Then pour the equivalent of four servings of Eggology egg whites (or Second Nature or Egg Beaters egg whites) in a bowl and blend with 1/2 cup spinach and 1/2 cup mushrooms. Heat the pan until the Pam starts to bubble, pour in the eggs, and fry until the eggs are nearly dry. You'll Save: 40 calories, 100 milligrams of cholesterol, and 13 grams of fat compared with two normal scrambled eggs.Balanced Diet ShakeDescription: For something cool, tasty, and nutrient-filled in the morning, try a shake or smoothie. The Balanced Diet nutritional drink provides 180 calories with lots of complex carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals in a naturally flavored French vanilla or chocolate royale. Each serving includes 5 grams of dietary fiber and 10 grams of soy, or 40 percent of the daily minimum now recommended by the American Heart Association. You'll Save: 60 calories daily and nearly 6 grams of fat compared with many other similar drinks.Frozen fruit smoothieDescription: You can prepare your own personal antioxidant-filled fruit smoothie like the following one that runner Bruce Shapiro used to lose 30 pounds over the last few years. Combine and blend: one cup frozen, unsweetened blueberries; 1/2 banana; 1/4 cup wheat germ; and water.You'll Save: 200 calories for each 2- to 3-cup serving, compared with many store-bought and canned smoothie beverages. Toasted plain Lender's Bagel with natural jamDescription: Sure, a frozen bagel can't match a fresh one, but it's easier to obtain for many people, and a little toasting brings it to near perfection. Just spread with your favorite natural jam. You'll Save: Anywhere from 160 to 360 calories and more than 10 grams of fat compared with similar bagels bought at Dunkin' Donuts and other outlets where the bagels are spread with cream cheese.
LUNCH
Lunch is the second-most-important meal of the day in your weight-loss plan. It boosts your energy level and regulates your metabolism to keep you on an even keel.Boca Burger Grilled Vegetable burgerDescription: This zesty, soy-based vegetarian alternative to the high-saturated-fat American BBQ staple contains hints of zucchini, red-bell pepper, garlic, onion, and even a couple of cheeses. It tastes great and provides a good dose of protein. Add some lettuce, tomato, ketchup, or your other favorite toppings, and you'll hardly notice the difference from the traditional burger.You'll Save: Up to 180 calories and 19 grams of fat compared with a typically-grilled 3-ounce beef burger.Alvarado Street sprouted wheat tortillaDescription: It's easy to make your own delicious wrap and save hundreds of calories. With this tasty, organic, whole-wheat tortilla you'll have no trouble fixing a quick, hearty lunch. Boost your vitamin and mineral intake by loading on a handful of greens, shredded carrots, tomato, and peppers along with grilled chicken, lean meat, turkey, or a bean-based filler.You'll Save: Anywhere from 50 calories and 5 grams of fat to much more if you customarily buy a commercial wrap drowning in mayo, oily toppings, or greasy chicken.Subway roast beef sub sandwichDescription: Can't live without meat? You don't have to. Meat is a great source of protein, iron, and several important minerals, and the Subway lean 6-inch roast beef sub contains just 264 calories and 4.5 grams of fat in a meal perfectly balanced with lettuce, tomato, and vegetables.You'll Save: Nearly 100 calories and 12 grams of fat compared with a tuna salad sub, and more than 20 grams of fat compared with the classic meatball sub. Health Valley chili Description: The right soup is always a great part of your weight-loss arsenal. This can of fat-free chili is tasty, easy to prepare, and filled with healthy fiber. You'll Save: 200 calories and 22 grams of fat compared with other prepared and restaurant chilis. Tossed salad with croutons instead of salad dressing.Description: You know that green salads make an important contribution to your day's eating, but you've probably never thought of them as an expression of art and adventure. Here's your chance. Instead of drenching your salads in high-fat dressings, decorate them with croutons, beans, or fruit.You'll Save: 100 calories and 28 grams of fat when you add 1 ounce of croutons and 1/2 cup of beans, peas, and raisins to your salad in place of 1 ounce of an oil-based dressing. You'll also increase your intake of iron, folic acid, Vitamin C, and fiber.
HAVE A NICE VIEW. FROM JERRY
Looking for an easy way to lose a few pounds? We've got the program. It's simple, and it works. So get with it.By Lisa Dorfman, M.S., R.D.
From the April 2009 issue of Runner's World
Many runners would like to lose a pound or 2. Maybe 5. Maybe more. Why? That's easy: to feel better, look better, improve their health, and run farther and faster.However, losing weight can be surprisingly difficult. In fact, national health surveys show Americans in general are getting fatter. Sure, regular runners should be ahead of the pack, but many are still losing the weight-gain war.What you need is a simple plan. Here it is, in just two parts: (1) Make a little more time to run; (2) Concentrate on a handful of dietary changes that, over the course of a year, can produce significant weight-loss results.Below we've listed 20 great diet changes that you'll find easy to achieve. Many of them will help you cut 100 calories or more from a single serving. Now do the math. Say you eat this particular food or meal three times a week. That's 100 x 3 x 52, or 15,600 calories saved in a year. Which comes to almost 5 pounds, since you'll lose one pound for every 3,500 calories cut from your food intake. Make another food substitution, and you're up to 10 pounds. Beyond that, the sky's the limit. Here's your meal-by-meal planner.
BREAKFAST
Don't skip breakfast. A good breakfast is the most crucial part of any healthy weight-loss effort, as it revs up your energy level and metabolism for the full day.Homemade raisin bran Description: Mix one cup of Total cereal, a packet of raisins, and 1 cup nonfat milk. This simple home recipe with 244 calories fortifies you with 100 percent of the Daily Value for most vitamins and minerals, boosts your protein intake by 12 grams, and gives you a sweet, natural fiber and sugar source.You'll Save: 50 calories, 6 teaspoons of sugar, and 5 grams of fat compared with ready-to-serve raisin bran doused with a cup of 2-percent milk.Scrambled whites with greensDescription: This low-fat, scrambled-egg alternative provides 54 grams of high-quality dietary protein in just 255 calories. First, spray your frying pan with fat-free Pam. Then pour the equivalent of four servings of Eggology egg whites (or Second Nature or Egg Beaters egg whites) in a bowl and blend with 1/2 cup spinach and 1/2 cup mushrooms. Heat the pan until the Pam starts to bubble, pour in the eggs, and fry until the eggs are nearly dry. You'll Save: 40 calories, 100 milligrams of cholesterol, and 13 grams of fat compared with two normal scrambled eggs.Balanced Diet ShakeDescription: For something cool, tasty, and nutrient-filled in the morning, try a shake or smoothie. The Balanced Diet nutritional drink provides 180 calories with lots of complex carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals in a naturally flavored French vanilla or chocolate royale. Each serving includes 5 grams of dietary fiber and 10 grams of soy, or 40 percent of the daily minimum now recommended by the American Heart Association. You'll Save: 60 calories daily and nearly 6 grams of fat compared with many other similar drinks.Frozen fruit smoothieDescription: You can prepare your own personal antioxidant-filled fruit smoothie like the following one that runner Bruce Shapiro used to lose 30 pounds over the last few years. Combine and blend: one cup frozen, unsweetened blueberries; 1/2 banana; 1/4 cup wheat germ; and water.You'll Save: 200 calories for each 2- to 3-cup serving, compared with many store-bought and canned smoothie beverages. Toasted plain Lender's Bagel with natural jamDescription: Sure, a frozen bagel can't match a fresh one, but it's easier to obtain for many people, and a little toasting brings it to near perfection. Just spread with your favorite natural jam. You'll Save: Anywhere from 160 to 360 calories and more than 10 grams of fat compared with similar bagels bought at Dunkin' Donuts and other outlets where the bagels are spread with cream cheese.
LUNCH
Lunch is the second-most-important meal of the day in your weight-loss plan. It boosts your energy level and regulates your metabolism to keep you on an even keel.Boca Burger Grilled Vegetable burgerDescription: This zesty, soy-based vegetarian alternative to the high-saturated-fat American BBQ staple contains hints of zucchini, red-bell pepper, garlic, onion, and even a couple of cheeses. It tastes great and provides a good dose of protein. Add some lettuce, tomato, ketchup, or your other favorite toppings, and you'll hardly notice the difference from the traditional burger.You'll Save: Up to 180 calories and 19 grams of fat compared with a typically-grilled 3-ounce beef burger.Alvarado Street sprouted wheat tortillaDescription: It's easy to make your own delicious wrap and save hundreds of calories. With this tasty, organic, whole-wheat tortilla you'll have no trouble fixing a quick, hearty lunch. Boost your vitamin and mineral intake by loading on a handful of greens, shredded carrots, tomato, and peppers along with grilled chicken, lean meat, turkey, or a bean-based filler.You'll Save: Anywhere from 50 calories and 5 grams of fat to much more if you customarily buy a commercial wrap drowning in mayo, oily toppings, or greasy chicken.Subway roast beef sub sandwichDescription: Can't live without meat? You don't have to. Meat is a great source of protein, iron, and several important minerals, and the Subway lean 6-inch roast beef sub contains just 264 calories and 4.5 grams of fat in a meal perfectly balanced with lettuce, tomato, and vegetables.You'll Save: Nearly 100 calories and 12 grams of fat compared with a tuna salad sub, and more than 20 grams of fat compared with the classic meatball sub. Health Valley chili Description: The right soup is always a great part of your weight-loss arsenal. This can of fat-free chili is tasty, easy to prepare, and filled with healthy fiber. You'll Save: 200 calories and 22 grams of fat compared with other prepared and restaurant chilis. Tossed salad with croutons instead of salad dressing.Description: You know that green salads make an important contribution to your day's eating, but you've probably never thought of them as an expression of art and adventure. Here's your chance. Instead of drenching your salads in high-fat dressings, decorate them with croutons, beans, or fruit.You'll Save: 100 calories and 28 grams of fat when you add 1 ounce of croutons and 1/2 cup of beans, peas, and raisins to your salad in place of 1 ounce of an oil-based dressing. You'll also increase your intake of iron, folic acid, Vitamin C, and fiber.
HAVE A NICE VIEW. FROM JERRY
Monday, March 16, 2009
Oceania Tourist Sites
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Oceania is a continent that is full of islands, coral reefs and beaches. The countries of Oceania offer wonderful Oceania tourist spots. Each year, tourists and adventurers from every corner of the world come to enjoy the Oceania tourist sites, which promise to offer you an unforgettable holiday experience. There are a plenty of Oceanian tourist sites. The continent of Oceania is home to a wide array of flora and fauna. The barren deserts, lush forests and the extraordinary wild habitat make for interesting Oceania tourist destination. The cultural and historical landmarks enable you to get a feel of the inner soul of the continent. A single trip to the Oceania sightseeings may compel you to visit the Oceanian tourist destination once more. Some of the top tourist sites of Oceania are Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe/ Zambia, Anse Lazio in Seychelles, Ingall in Niger, Cape Town in South Oceania, Pyramids of Giza in Egypt and Masai Mara in Kenya. One of the top Oceania tourist spots is Australia. Visit famous Australian destinations, such as Melbourne, Sydney, Cairns, Perth, Adelaide, Canberra, Brisbane, Gold Coast or Tasmania. Enjoy the Great Barrier Reef, Uluru, Opera House and other attractions. The beaches and beach-resorts give you a relax holiday outing. Visit the famous New Zealand cities like Wellington, Auckland, Christchurch, Hamilton, Napier, Queens Town and other places. Visit during the peak season of November to April, when the weather is more pleasant. Travelers may also check out the ski-resorts that make for a fine winter. Take part in the various water sports and tour New Zealand attractions like the national museum, Oriental Bay and so on. Visit Milford Sound and see the cascading waterfalls. Enjoy the playful seals and dolphins amidst their natural habitat. One of the favorite Oceania tourist spots are the Coral Coast and Nadi, located in Fiji. Enjoy the marine life underneath the crystal clear waters. Tahiti also offers tourist attractions like Bora Bora, Huahine, Manihi, Moorea, Papeete, Raiatea and others. For more information on Oceania tourist sites, visit Holidayshub.com. Travel.mapsofworld provides you an overview of the favorite tourist destinations in Oceania.
Oceania Travel
Countries in Oceania
Oceania Tourism
Tourist Attractions in Oceania
Oceania Tourist Information
Oceania Travel
Oceania Tourist Sites
Oceania Travel Destinations
Oceania Travel Guide
Oceania Tourist Map
Christmas in Oceania
New Year in Oceania
Tours to Oceania
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Tourist Attractions in Melbourne
window.google_render_ad();
Oceania is a continent that is full of islands, coral reefs and beaches. The countries of Oceania offer wonderful Oceania tourist spots. Each year, tourists and adventurers from every corner of the world come to enjoy the Oceania tourist sites, which promise to offer you an unforgettable holiday experience. There are a plenty of Oceanian tourist sites. The continent of Oceania is home to a wide array of flora and fauna. The barren deserts, lush forests and the extraordinary wild habitat make for interesting Oceania tourist destination. The cultural and historical landmarks enable you to get a feel of the inner soul of the continent. A single trip to the Oceania sightseeings may compel you to visit the Oceanian tourist destination once more. Some of the top tourist sites of Oceania are Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe/ Zambia, Anse Lazio in Seychelles, Ingall in Niger, Cape Town in South Oceania, Pyramids of Giza in Egypt and Masai Mara in Kenya. One of the top Oceania tourist spots is Australia. Visit famous Australian destinations, such as Melbourne, Sydney, Cairns, Perth, Adelaide, Canberra, Brisbane, Gold Coast or Tasmania. Enjoy the Great Barrier Reef, Uluru, Opera House and other attractions. The beaches and beach-resorts give you a relax holiday outing. Visit the famous New Zealand cities like Wellington, Auckland, Christchurch, Hamilton, Napier, Queens Town and other places. Visit during the peak season of November to April, when the weather is more pleasant. Travelers may also check out the ski-resorts that make for a fine winter. Take part in the various water sports and tour New Zealand attractions like the national museum, Oriental Bay and so on. Visit Milford Sound and see the cascading waterfalls. Enjoy the playful seals and dolphins amidst their natural habitat. One of the favorite Oceania tourist spots are the Coral Coast and Nadi, located in Fiji. Enjoy the marine life underneath the crystal clear waters. Tahiti also offers tourist attractions like Bora Bora, Huahine, Manihi, Moorea, Papeete, Raiatea and others. For more information on Oceania tourist sites, visit Holidayshub.com. Travel.mapsofworld provides you an overview of the favorite tourist destinations in Oceania.
Oceania Travel
Countries in Oceania
Oceania Tourism
Tourist Attractions in Oceania
Oceania Tourist Information
Oceania Travel
Oceania Tourist Sites
Oceania Travel Destinations
Oceania Travel Guide
Oceania Tourist Map
Christmas in Oceania
New Year in Oceania
Tours to Oceania
window.google_render_ad();
Tourist Attractions in Melbourne
Friday, March 6, 2009
EVOLUTION OF THE HUMAN
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
Bonnie B. Glass
BY-590 Dr. McCall
Spring 2001
________________________________________________________
The purpose of this web page is to explain some basic facts about human ABO blood group system and to summarize the research and hypotheses regarding its evolution.
BACKGROUND
The ABO System -- A Polymorphism
(http://www.bayerpharma-na.com/children/RON/circu/chrc.0103.asp)
Humans can have blood types A, B, AB, or O. This is known as the ABO blood group system, and it is a polymorphism. A polymorphism is defined as a "genetic locus with two or more alleles that occur in appreciable (>1%) frequency in a given population" (http://www.as.ua.edu). The ABO blood group system was the first polymorphism discovered in humans. It is however only one of MANY systems involving the red blood cells.
Antibodies and Antigens
Understanding the difference between antibodies and antigens is essential to understanding the ABO blood group system and its evolution. Antibodies are substances produced by the body when it is invaded and act to protest it from the foreign substance. Antigens are found in the invading substance and elicit the production of antibodies. The two substances, thus, work in conjunction with each other.
(http://www.uen.org/utahlink/activities/view activity.cgi?activity ld=3037)
Typically, the body does not produce antibodies until AFTER it has been introduced to a new substance. The blood group antigens, on the other hand, are produced during the development of the circulatory system of the fetus.
Because these antibodies are present, blood of certain types will be incompatible. Before this was understood, death was often the result in transfusions and transplants.
This transfusion dilemma led Karl Landsteiner (pictured below) to
(http://daphne.palomar.edu/blood/ABO system.htm)
discover the ABO system in 1900. Interestingly, he used blood samples from his fellow lab staff. Fortunately for him, all blood types were represented so his system remains in use today.
Landsteiner's ABO System
In this blood group system, A and B are codominant thus humans may have the following phenotypes and genotypes and the corresponding antibodies and antigens.
Phenotype Genotype Antigens Antibodies
A
AA, AO
A
B
B
BB, BO
B
A
O
OO
None
A, B
AB
AB
A, B
None
Since Landsteiner's discovery, hundreds of specificities in human blood types have been determined (Socha et al., 1984). The ABO blood group system remains the most widely used.
To learn more about your blood, check out this interesting site by clicking here.
WHY STUDY THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN BLOOD TYPES??
There are several reasons scientists are interested in studying the evolution of human blood types -- the predominant reason being it helps them to understand the place humans occupy in evolution's branching tree. In other words, by studying the similarities and differences between human and non-human primate blood groups scientists can determine who our closest common ancestors are and the degree of our relationship.
What Distinguishes A, B, and O blood types from each other?
The type of blood a person has is determined by alleles at a single locus at chromosome 9 (Martinko et al., 1993). These alleles encode for different amino acids called glycotransferases.
In order to be blood type A, cytosine at nucleotide site 793 translates to leucine 265 and guanine at nucleotide site 800 transloates to glycine 267.
In order to be blood type B, the cytosine at 793 translates to methionone 265 and the guanine at 800 to alanine 267 (Martinko et al., 1993).
Blood type AB occurs when both changes occur.
Blood type O is caused when an inactive or nonfunctional protein is coded for.
Martinko et al. (1993) remarked regarding these changes that it is "surprising that they have such a great effect on the A and B transferases" because the amino acids do not differ greatly from each other.
What About the Blood Types of Other Primates?
The ABO polymorphism exists in many primate species other than just humans and in all anthropoid primates (Diamond, 1997). Blood groups of primates have been studied since 1911 when Dungern and Hirszfeld found an A antigen on chimpanzee red cells (Socha et al., 1984). According to Socha et al., (1984), early studies indicated "striking similarities" between the A-B-O antigens of man and those of anthropoid apes. It was not until the 1960's that research methods improved enough to learn that many similarities existed between human and non-human primates as well as some subtle differences. In their 1984 study, Socha et al. stated that the two groups were "intimately serologically related."
Because of similarities in the immunological responses between human and non-human primates, the same techniques used for testing human blood were used for other primate species.
Scientists have studied certain primate species in much greater depth than others. As a result, we do not know equally about the blood groups of all primates. In the following sections, some of the most researched groups will be explained.
CHIMPANZEES
Of the Old World monkeys, the chimpanzee has been the most studied (Socha et al., 1984). Interestingly, they have predominantly blood type A and in rare cases blood type O, but NEVER blood type B (Socha et al., 1984). Most blood systems found in chimpanzees also exist in man, but there are some species specific characteristics. The chimpanzee is thought to be the ancestor of Cro-magnon man.
To learn more about chimpanzees click here.
GORILLAS
In contrast to chimpanzees, gorillas have been found to possess ONLY blood type B. Some evolutionary scientists believe the gorilla to be the ancestor of Neanderthal man.
To learn more about gorillas, click here.
BABOONS
Baboons, on the other hand, have been found to possess A, B, and O blood types. The hominoids, humans and the great apes, express the ABO antigens on red blood cells, but baboons do not. In baboons, the antigens were found in other tissue cells. Although the similarity in alleles exist in baboons and humans, the mutations which are in human O alleles are not found in baboon O alleles. This suggests a different origin for the O blood types in each species (Diamond et al., 1997). Unlike humans who have a large percentage of O, in baboons O has arisen several times but remains relatively rare. This suggests a possible selection working against type O in baboons.
Humans, baboons and orangutans have maintained their polymorphism. Because of the absence of B from chimpanzees and O and A from gorillas, the locus determining this phenotype must no longer be under strong selection pressure in the hominoids.
To explore a great web site which explains the differences between the evolutionary history of chimpanzees, gorillas and man, click here.
SO WHAT DOES ALL THIS MEAN?
Scientists have determined by using average mutation rate and considering the required mutations that the divergence of A and B (at nucleotides 793 and 800) must have occurred before humans, chimps, and gorillas had separated and likely before orangutans broke off. Thus A and B diverged at least 13 million years ago (Martin, 1990). In chimps and gorillas, the A and B allele seem to be fixed (Martinko, 1993). Some sources state that the two types are likely of separate origin (http://aol.com/ikaulins/expak), but that they are the original types, not O.
Other evidence used to trace man's evolutionary ancestors to these non-human primates is the MN blood system. Man is M and N; whereas chimps are anti-N and gorillas are anti-M. O is not the original blood type as was previously thought (http://members.aol.com/ikaulins/expak).
IS SELECTION AT WORK TODAY?
If these blood groups are being selected against, the agent is not restricted to humans because the system has been around for over 13 million years. There is only indirect evidence for the possibility of natural selection in the evolutionary pattern of ABO groups (Saitou and ). To link natural selection to the frequency of A, B, O phenotypic frequency requires more evidence. One such study was completed by Boren et al. (1993), in which a bacterium casing gastric disorders was linked to blood type (Saitou ). The researchers found there to be less receptors for the bacterium in blood types A and B, thus people with blood type O were more susceptible. If more blood types could be linked to microorganisms, there would be more evidence for natural selection.
Several question remain. For example, if natural antibodies help to protect the body against parasites, then why is O, which has both A and B, antibodies not at an advantage? Also, O is a nonfunctional allele, yet it is quite common in certain areas like South America where it is fixed in the population. This seems to contradict standard mutation drift selection which does not favor nonfunctional alleles (Nazzareno et al., 1995).
To learn more about the world distribution of blood types, click here.
There is also a question as to whether selection is at work today in the interacions between mother and fetus. Some studies have concluded that in mothers with type A blood who are carrying a fetus of type O (and vice versa), there is incompatibility which will result in the spontaneous abortion of the fetus.
In summary, it appears that humans, chimpanzees, and gorilla (and likely ornagutan) followed the same evolutionary origin when comparing their blood types. Because the A and O exist in chimps this is likely the ancestral form of these types found in humans today. The B type found in gorillas today was likely ancestral form found in humans. Thus,
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
Bonnie B. Glass
BY-590 Dr. McCall
Spring 2001
________________________________________________________
The purpose of this web page is to explain some basic facts about human ABO blood group system and to summarize the research and hypotheses regarding its evolution.
BACKGROUND
The ABO System -- A Polymorphism
(http://www.bayerpharma-na.com/children/RON/circu/chrc.0103.asp)
Humans can have blood types A, B, AB, or O. This is known as the ABO blood group system, and it is a polymorphism. A polymorphism is defined as a "genetic locus with two or more alleles that occur in appreciable (>1%) frequency in a given population" (http://www.as.ua.edu). The ABO blood group system was the first polymorphism discovered in humans. It is however only one of MANY systems involving the red blood cells.
Antibodies and Antigens
Understanding the difference between antibodies and antigens is essential to understanding the ABO blood group system and its evolution. Antibodies are substances produced by the body when it is invaded and act to protest it from the foreign substance. Antigens are found in the invading substance and elicit the production of antibodies. The two substances, thus, work in conjunction with each other.
(http://www.uen.org/utahlink/activities/view activity.cgi?activity ld=3037)
Typically, the body does not produce antibodies until AFTER it has been introduced to a new substance. The blood group antigens, on the other hand, are produced during the development of the circulatory system of the fetus.
Because these antibodies are present, blood of certain types will be incompatible. Before this was understood, death was often the result in transfusions and transplants.
This transfusion dilemma led Karl Landsteiner (pictured below) to
(http://daphne.palomar.edu/blood/ABO system.htm)
discover the ABO system in 1900. Interestingly, he used blood samples from his fellow lab staff. Fortunately for him, all blood types were represented so his system remains in use today.
Landsteiner's ABO System
In this blood group system, A and B are codominant thus humans may have the following phenotypes and genotypes and the corresponding antibodies and antigens.
Phenotype Genotype Antigens Antibodies
A
AA, AO
A
B
B
BB, BO
B
A
O
OO
None
A, B
AB
AB
A, B
None
Since Landsteiner's discovery, hundreds of specificities in human blood types have been determined (Socha et al., 1984). The ABO blood group system remains the most widely used.
To learn more about your blood, check out this interesting site by clicking here.
WHY STUDY THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN BLOOD TYPES??
There are several reasons scientists are interested in studying the evolution of human blood types -- the predominant reason being it helps them to understand the place humans occupy in evolution's branching tree. In other words, by studying the similarities and differences between human and non-human primate blood groups scientists can determine who our closest common ancestors are and the degree of our relationship.
What Distinguishes A, B, and O blood types from each other?
The type of blood a person has is determined by alleles at a single locus at chromosome 9 (Martinko et al., 1993). These alleles encode for different amino acids called glycotransferases.
In order to be blood type A, cytosine at nucleotide site 793 translates to leucine 265 and guanine at nucleotide site 800 transloates to glycine 267.
In order to be blood type B, the cytosine at 793 translates to methionone 265 and the guanine at 800 to alanine 267 (Martinko et al., 1993).
Blood type AB occurs when both changes occur.
Blood type O is caused when an inactive or nonfunctional protein is coded for.
Martinko et al. (1993) remarked regarding these changes that it is "surprising that they have such a great effect on the A and B transferases" because the amino acids do not differ greatly from each other.
What About the Blood Types of Other Primates?
The ABO polymorphism exists in many primate species other than just humans and in all anthropoid primates (Diamond, 1997). Blood groups of primates have been studied since 1911 when Dungern and Hirszfeld found an A antigen on chimpanzee red cells (Socha et al., 1984). According to Socha et al., (1984), early studies indicated "striking similarities" between the A-B-O antigens of man and those of anthropoid apes. It was not until the 1960's that research methods improved enough to learn that many similarities existed between human and non-human primates as well as some subtle differences. In their 1984 study, Socha et al. stated that the two groups were "intimately serologically related."
Because of similarities in the immunological responses between human and non-human primates, the same techniques used for testing human blood were used for other primate species.
Scientists have studied certain primate species in much greater depth than others. As a result, we do not know equally about the blood groups of all primates. In the following sections, some of the most researched groups will be explained.
CHIMPANZEES
Of the Old World monkeys, the chimpanzee has been the most studied (Socha et al., 1984). Interestingly, they have predominantly blood type A and in rare cases blood type O, but NEVER blood type B (Socha et al., 1984). Most blood systems found in chimpanzees also exist in man, but there are some species specific characteristics. The chimpanzee is thought to be the ancestor of Cro-magnon man.
To learn more about chimpanzees click here.
GORILLAS
In contrast to chimpanzees, gorillas have been found to possess ONLY blood type B. Some evolutionary scientists believe the gorilla to be the ancestor of Neanderthal man.
To learn more about gorillas, click here.
BABOONS
Baboons, on the other hand, have been found to possess A, B, and O blood types. The hominoids, humans and the great apes, express the ABO antigens on red blood cells, but baboons do not. In baboons, the antigens were found in other tissue cells. Although the similarity in alleles exist in baboons and humans, the mutations which are in human O alleles are not found in baboon O alleles. This suggests a different origin for the O blood types in each species (Diamond et al., 1997). Unlike humans who have a large percentage of O, in baboons O has arisen several times but remains relatively rare. This suggests a possible selection working against type O in baboons.
Humans, baboons and orangutans have maintained their polymorphism. Because of the absence of B from chimpanzees and O and A from gorillas, the locus determining this phenotype must no longer be under strong selection pressure in the hominoids.
To explore a great web site which explains the differences between the evolutionary history of chimpanzees, gorillas and man, click here.
SO WHAT DOES ALL THIS MEAN?
Scientists have determined by using average mutation rate and considering the required mutations that the divergence of A and B (at nucleotides 793 and 800) must have occurred before humans, chimps, and gorillas had separated and likely before orangutans broke off. Thus A and B diverged at least 13 million years ago (Martin, 1990). In chimps and gorillas, the A and B allele seem to be fixed (Martinko, 1993). Some sources state that the two types are likely of separate origin (http://aol.com/ikaulins/expak), but that they are the original types, not O.
Other evidence used to trace man's evolutionary ancestors to these non-human primates is the MN blood system. Man is M and N; whereas chimps are anti-N and gorillas are anti-M. O is not the original blood type as was previously thought (http://members.aol.com/ikaulins/expak).
IS SELECTION AT WORK TODAY?
If these blood groups are being selected against, the agent is not restricted to humans because the system has been around for over 13 million years. There is only indirect evidence for the possibility of natural selection in the evolutionary pattern of ABO groups (Saitou and ). To link natural selection to the frequency of A, B, O phenotypic frequency requires more evidence. One such study was completed by Boren et al. (1993), in which a bacterium casing gastric disorders was linked to blood type (Saitou ). The researchers found there to be less receptors for the bacterium in blood types A and B, thus people with blood type O were more susceptible. If more blood types could be linked to microorganisms, there would be more evidence for natural selection.
Several question remain. For example, if natural antibodies help to protect the body against parasites, then why is O, which has both A and B, antibodies not at an advantage? Also, O is a nonfunctional allele, yet it is quite common in certain areas like South America where it is fixed in the population. This seems to contradict standard mutation drift selection which does not favor nonfunctional alleles (Nazzareno et al., 1995).
To learn more about the world distribution of blood types, click here.
There is also a question as to whether selection is at work today in the interacions between mother and fetus. Some studies have concluded that in mothers with type A blood who are carrying a fetus of type O (and vice versa), there is incompatibility which will result in the spontaneous abortion of the fetus.
In summary, it appears that humans, chimpanzees, and gorilla (and likely ornagutan) followed the same evolutionary origin when comparing their blood types. Because the A and O exist in chimps this is likely the ancestral form of these types found in humans today. The B type found in gorillas today was likely ancestral form found in humans. Thus,
Friday, February 27, 2009
IMPORTANT TOURIST CENTRES IN SOUTH AFRICA
LIMPOPO
South Africa's tourist friendly Limpopo Province was originally named Northern Transvaal.The name was changed to Northern Province and was thereafter changed to Limpopo Province at the turn of the century. Both of the first two names were chosen because this is the most northern province in South Africa. The new name was chosen because the Limpopo River is a prominent feature throughout the province. This vast area is jam-packed with many interesting things to do, places to see and is best known for the game farms and reserves that beautify this lovely bushveld-rich province. The summers in Limpopo, South Africa have above average summer temperatures, and a very comfortable moderate temperature for the rest of the year. Limpopo Province is a highly sought after tourist destination, in particular because of the many exclusive and luxurious private Game Farms and Game reserves, where one is assured of seeing the "Big 5" - Elephant, Lion, Leopard, Buffalo and Rhino. Accommodation in Limpopo ranges from affordable B&B accommodation, more upmarket B&B's and Guest Houses, to Very exclusive Game lodges and Reserves. In fact, there is accommodation on offer to suit every pocket. Capmsites abound, as do backpacker's camps. There are many and varied activities and things to do in Limpopo. Hunting Safaris are particularly popular in Limpopo, as are game viewing safaris, fishing, including trout fishing, hiking, wilderness routes, and of course, the ever-popular golfing. One of tha main attractions in Hoedspruit in the Limpopo Province is undoubtably Moholoholo Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, along with the Hoedspruit Research and Breeding Centre for Endangered Species where more than 70 cheetahs and the "Painted Wolf" or Cape Hunting Dog, a Vulture Restaurant and other rare animals can be seen. There is also the artists and wilderness routes. See Places to See for further information. All of these activities and places of interest make Limpopo the ideal tourist destination in South Africa. The town of Phalaborwa in Limpopo, South Africa is situated within walking distance of the Phalaborwa entrance to the Kruger National Park, a great tourist destination. Phalaborwa forms an ideal base from which to explore this famous national game reserve, with the comfort of many accommodation options and a small shopping mall for convenience. Phalaborwa, South Africa, is often referred to as the town with two summers due to the fact that it never really gets cold there, even in winter. So for a tourist destination this is a "must see". Tourists can visit here all year round without having to pack their heavy coats! The Olifants river winds its way past Phalaborwa trough the Klasserie Nature Reserve (an area of 62 500ha) and into the Kruger National Park. The small charming traditional 'boere' town of Louis Trichardt now called Makhado in Limpopo, South Africa is nestled close to the Soutpansberg (Salt Pan Mountain). This is South Africa's most northern mountain range and this rugged terrain is filled with a famous tourist attraction - the giant baobab trees. The Soutpansberg mountain range at Louis Trichardt, South Africa is 130km long and is so named because of the large salt pan situated on the western slopes. The highest point, called Lajuma is home to scores of eagles, falcons and other predatory bird species. Another tourist attraction to these mountains is the fact that these mountains are home to the largest concentration of leopard that can be found - in the world! Musina, Limpopo is the most northerly town in South Africa and is close to the Great North road and the border post to Zimbabwe and thus, the rest of Africa! The rich copper fields in the North Country ultimately led to the founding and growth of Musina (then called Messina – the Afrikaans spelling). In Prehistoric times the Musina African tribe discovered the copper and called it Musina, in their language this word meant ‘spoiler'. The Musina tribe thought copper to be a poor substitute to Iron hence the name! It was rediscovered in the 20 th Century by prospectors. Today Musina, South Africa is the centre of a large iron ore, semi-precious stone, diamond, coal, graphite, magnetite and copper mining area. Thabazimbi is situated in the North West corner of Limpopo, South Africa. Thabazimbi is named after the exceptionally lucrative iron ore that was found in the area in 1919. The word Thabazimbi literally means Mountain Of Iron in a local language.The area around Thabazimbi, Limpopo was predominantly used for cattle farming and had a high standing in South Africa's beef industry. Not far from Thabazimbi is the town of Lephalale (Ellisras), Limpopo where you will find the world largest dry cooled power station called Matimba. Other tourist attractions include the Art Weekend at Thandanani and some of the most fascinating San Artwork to be seen in South Africa. If you are looking for hunting safaris, big 5 professional hunters, bowhunting, hunting outfitters, hunting farms, game farms or game outfitters, Limpopo Province in South Africa is the place to see. One of South Africas most tourist friendly towns is Tzaneen (Tzaneen is derived from the word 'tsaneng' which means 'come together' in an African Language) and is situated in the foothills of the impressive Wolkberg (Cloud Mountain). A must see for all Tourists as it is a gem of a tourist destination. Tzaneen, Limpopo, South Africa is a subtropical paradise with indigenous and exotic plants and forms the heart of the Valley of the Olifants region. Tzaneen is the second largest town in the Limpopo province of South Africa and Tzaneen is seen as the 'capital' of the lovely Letaba District which are more than 20 00 square kilometers of tropical and subtropical farming in the Letsitele River Valley - a real tourist destination with a great variety of accommodation. The Tzaneen, Limpopo, South Africa area is where the Shangaans and the Sotho people originated and their ethnic cultures and lifestyles are shown in a living Museum in Tzaneen, South Africa, on the Hans Merensky Nature Reserve. The Hans Merensky Nature Reserve is an ideal Tourist rendezvous point that offers accommodation and lots of information on Limpopo.This is a destination that suites all tastes and pockets with an impressive range of accommodation, several that have brought particular honour to the region through their national awards for excellence. Did you know that the name Modimolle means 'Place of the Spirits" and that the original name of this place in Limpopo was Nylstroom, called thus after some Voortrekkers came across the north-flowing river and mistook the river for the Nile River in Egypt. The fact that there is a pyramid shaped hill close by only served to strengthen this misconception. Modimolle, Limpopo, South Africa, was previously known as Nylstroom and is a charming town which serves as the commercial centre of the Waterberg. Modimolle's landmark is a solitary hill named Kranskop. This is the reason for the new name of this town in Limpopo, as this hill is revered to as Modimolle hill by the African people in the area. The Anglo-Boer war concentration camp was established in Nylstroom /Modimolle, South Africa in 1901.Hoedspruit in Limpopo, South Africa borders on the Kruger National Park and is known as the 'Valley of the Olifants' Hoedspruit used to be a small and comparatively unspoiled tourism and agriculturally orientated town in the centre of the lowveld. The Hoedspruit area in South Africa encompasses the middle reaches of the Olifants River with its major tributaries, the Letaba, Shingwedzi, Blyde, Mohlapitse, Ga-Selati, Timbavati and Klasserie Rivers and makes a great tourist destination. Hoedspruit is an area offering most tourist attractions such as, rich wildlife, scenery, mountains, rivers, dams, archaeology, cultural and ethnic attractions and important sites associated with the history of the region. Bela Bela / Warmbaths, South Africa was originally named Warmbad, but has now been renamed. This town in Limpopo derived the name Bela Bela from the Tswana language and can be loosely translated as ‘boiling-boiling'. A natural spring providing 22 000 liters of therapeutic water at 50°C is obvious fact to the name Bela Bela as it was named in the early 19 th Century by the Tswana tribes that encountered this phenomenon. It was only in the 1870's that the Transvaal Government decided to buy the land to build a resort and support the township in the area. Bela Bela now offers many types of accommodation, recreation and extreme sports. Last but definitely not least is the City of Polokwane in Limpopo, South Africa which serves as the capital of Limpopo, South Africa and is a definite must see for the tourist as it boasts numerous attractions and activities as well as serving as the economic center for the total area of South Africa, north of Gauteng. In 1884 this land (Polokwane, South Africa) was made available for settlement by the ZAR (Zuid Afrikaanshe Republiek) and was named Pietersburg in honor of the revered Voortrekker leader General Pieter Jacobus Joubert and was proclaimed in 1886. This city has enjoyed a hundred and twenty years of prosperity and has grown rapidly due to its geographical location. The city of Pietersburg was one of the first places in South Africa to change its name after the fall of ‘Apartheid' to Polokwane, which in the local language translates to ‘Place of Safety'.
MPUMALANGA
One of South Africa's major tourist destinations is found in the South African Province of Mpumalanga, which means 'Place where the sun rises', and is bordered by Mozambique and Swaziland in the east, and Gauteng in the west. Mpumalanga in South Africa is a sought after tourist destination, abounding in accommodation establishments, places to see, and things to do. Its many tourist attractions and places to see include the Kruger National Park, the Sudwala Caves, Bourke's Luck Potholes, Pilgrim's Rest and the Panorama Route - a place of great scenic beauty. This website provides information on Mpumalanga accommodation and tourist destinations within the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa. There are many, many things to do in Mpumalanga, including adventure activities, hiking, camping, white water rafting, bungi jumping, the Big Swing - all offered within the Panorama route of Mpumalanga. Each of the towns listed above have their own unique tourist destinations and tourist activities. Nelspruit houses the Sudwala caves, is close to the Kruger National Park and has an abundance of curio shops and business sector. Scenic Sabie and Graskop are the gateway to the Long Tom Pass, with its fascinating history of the Anglo/Boer wars and surrounding battlefields. Dullstroom offers the Dullstroom Bird of Prey & Rehabilitation Centre, Malelane is the gateway to Mozambique. Barberton and Pilgrim's Rest offer the history of the gold rush in South Africa, while each of the towns in this site cater for all tourist requirements with regards to accommodation in Mpumalanga - be it a bed and breakfast accommodation, a Game Farm experience, Hotel accommodation, Guest Lodge or self-catering accommodation. They cater for tourists, locals, businessmen, backpackers, holiday makers and family groups: ranging from budget accommodation to ultra-luxury accommodation. There is something for everyone!
Mpumalanga South Africa falls mainly within the Grassland Biome. The Escarprnent and the Lowveld form a transitional zone between this grassland area and the Savannah Biome. Long sweeps of undulating grasslands abruptly change to the thickly forested ravines and cascading waterfalls of the escarpment, only to change again to present the subtropical wildlife splendour of the Lowveld. The escarpment and the Lowveld have always been popular tourist attractions. Now that new borders have been drawn for this province, only the southern, albeit most popular, part of the Kruger National Park is within this province.
The area is crisscrossed by a network of excellent roads and railway connections, making it highly accessible to the tourist. Because of its popularity as a tourist destination, Mpumalanga is also well served by a number of small airports.
The Kruger National Park will, however, remain an untouched unit, a province for wildlife on its own. This is a huge tourist attraction for overseas tourists. Kruger National Park in South Africa's province of Mpumalanga occupies most of Mpumalanga's and Northern Province's borders with Mozambique, and covers over 20 000 square kilometers - an area the size of Whales or Massachusetts. Kruger National Park is the easiest African game park to drive around in on your own; staying at one of Kruger NationalPark's many well-run rest camps. On its western border lie a number of private reserves, offering alternate accommodation to the Kruger National Park, with well-informed rangers conducting safaris in open vehicles. Accommodation in Mpumalanga, South Africa, is mostly of a very high standard. If you are looking for B and B accommodation, or self-cateringaccommodation, especially for longer stays, this is the place to be, while you explore some of the many and variedtourist destinations.There is an abundance of tourist attractions in South Africa, many of which are situated in Mpumalanga South Africa. Adventure holidays and entertainment abound in Mpumalang's towns surrounding the magnificent Panorama Route. Scenic tours, day trips and overnight stays in the Kruger National Park are easily arraged through tour operators in the Mpumalanga Province. Each town on Mpumalanga Happenings website has a fascinating history, whether it is about the Gold Rush in Barberton and Pilgrim's Rest, or about the Anglo/British wars, or the amazing hardships and obstacles that beset the leaders of the Great Trek.
Mpumalanga Province of South Africa is situated mainly on the high plateau grasslands of the Middleveld, which roll eastwards for hundreds of kilometres. In the north-east it rises towards mountain peaks and then terminates in an immense and breathtaking escarpment. In places this escarpment plunges hundreds of metres down to the low-lying area known as the Lowveld. Mpumalanga is located on the South of Northern Province, East of Gauteng, North West of KwaZulu Natal, West of Swaziland and Mozambique.
Nelspruit is the legislative capital of the province. This town is the administrative and business centre of the Lowveld and provides a perfect base from which to explore the province. Witbank is the centre of the local coal-mining industry; Standerton, in the south, is renowned for its large dairy industry; Piet Retief in the south-east is a production area for tropical fruit and sugar; while a large sugar industry is also found at Malelane in the east. Ermelo is the district in South Africa which produces the most wool; Barberton is one of the oldest gold-mining towns in South Africa; and Sabie is situated in the forestry heartland of the country. The green gold of Sabie and Graskop provides a large part of the country's total requirement for forestry products. These forestry plantations are also an ideal backdrop for ecotourism opportunities, with a variety of popular hiking trails, myriad water-falls, patches of indigenous forest and a variety of nature reserves. The biggest of these is the Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve, where God's Window provides unforgettable vistas of the Lowveld. An oasis is provided by the mineral springs at Badplaas. Chrissiesmeer is the largest natural freshwater lake in South Africa. It is famous for its large variety of aquatic birds, especially flamingos. The Sudwala Caves, deep in the dolomite rocks of the surrounding mountains, is a worth- while tourist stop. This evergreen comer of the country has enormous tourism potential.
The Panorama Route, one of the scenic highlights of any tour through South Africa, proceeds along the escarpment. In the expanse of the Lowveld lies the Kruger National Park, the world's biggest game reserve. The Panorama Route in Mpumalanga includes some magnificent tourist destinations, such as: The Bourke's Luck Potholes, The Sudwala Caves, God's Window, The Three Sisters, Pilgrim's Rest (with its historical restored buildings filled with curios of the highest quality, as well as the history of the Gold Rush in South Africa), The Lydenburg Heads as well as a variety of Trout Farms and Trout Fishing venues. The Panorama Route is a must for all tourists to Mpumalanga Province.
MOZAMBIQUE
HISTORY; see also Maputo Bay and Surrounds
The first inhabitants of Mozambique were of the Khoisani people, viz. San hunter gatherers. The Nguni (Bantu) people migrated southwards, from the north of Africa,crossing the Zambezi River valley, which was a major barrier, and down the coastal plain during the first millennium of the Christian era viz. the first to the fourth centuries AD. They then gradually spread into the plateau and coastal areas of South Eastern Africa.This migration was mainly confined to the east of the 600mm rainfall line and they were farmers and herders as well being of the iron age, using metal tools and implements.Today most of Mozambique's indigenous peoples are of this Nguni origin. Mozambique had an established Arab presence by the 10th century. Coastal trade was at first dominated by Arabs and Persians, who had established settlements as far south as Mozambique Island. Mozambique was in fact named after the Arab sheik on Mozambique Island called "Musa Bin Biki" when Vasco de Gama first landed there in 1498. de Gama was the first European to reach Mozambique. The Arabs traded with these Bantu-speaking people, mainly in ivory, gold and slaves, (Black Gold) supplied by kingdoms in the interior hinterland. In time intermarriage between these two groups gave rise to the Swahili culture which is still dominant in the Eastern African coastal areas down to northern Mozambique.One of the oldest and most southerly of these trading groups, was the Kingdom of Mwene Mutapa (Monomatapo) with it's capital at Great Zimbabwe. These are the ancestors of the Shona people. This empire extended south from the Zambesi River incorporating the Save River down to the Limpopo River, and then eastwards to the coast. The main outlets to the sea were at Sofala, south of Beira and at Mozambique Island further north.The first European to reach Mozambique was Vasco da Gama after he had rounded the Southern tip of Africa in 1498. He had thus opened up the trade route from Europe to India. Portugal became the dominant trading power of the East Coast of Africa, by conquering the Arab trading settlements and it monopolised the Indian Ocean trading routes for two centuries until they were defeated by the Omani Arabs at the end of the 17th century.The Portuguese made Mozambique Island their headquarters until they changed it to Delagoa Bay, which became Lourenco Marques and now Maputo in 1897. For further history of Delagoa Bay, Lourenco Marques and now Maputo, refer to "Maputo Bay and Surrounds". The first Portuguese fort built in Mozambique was at Sofala to protect their gold trade route. A settlement was also built at Quelimane north of the Zambesi River. The Zambesi River became the main trade route with forts and trading posts at Tete and Sena on the banks of the river, trading for gold ivory and slaves in exchange for European trade goods, like beads and tools and cloths.In the 1600s Portuguese traders and retired soldiers seized large areas of land in the Zambesi Valley and established what was known as Prazos or agricultural estates, using slave labour or forced local communities to supply workers. These "Prazeros" as they were known became very wealthy and dominated the area as independant powers for 300 years. The Prazos were stopped in the early 1900s.
Mozambique, formally also known as Portuguese East Africa, became a Portuguese colony in 1505, becoming an overseas province of Portugal in 1951.
CAPE TOWN
The Cape Colony of the future South Africa was established by the Dutch East India Company (not by the Netherlands, as is often mistakenly presumed) in 1652, with the founding of Cape Town. It was subsequently occupied in 1795, and finally just taken in 1806 by the British - the period immediately before and during the Napoleonic Wars. It was coextensive with the later Cape Province, stretching from the Atlantic coast inland and eastward along the southern coast, constituting about half of modern South Africa: the final eastern boundary, after several wars against the Xhosa, stood at the Fish River. In the north, the Orange River, also known as the Gariep River, served for a long time as the boundary, although some land between the river and the southern boundary of Botswana was later added to it.The history of Cape Colony started in 1652 with the founding of Cape Town by Dutch commander Jan van Riebeeck, working for the Dutch East India Company, known in Dutch as the "Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie" (VOC).
Napoléon occupied the Seven Provinces of the Netherlands in 1795, or the mother country of the Dutch East India Company. This prompted Great Britain to occupy the territory in 1795 as a tactic in the Napoleonic Wars. The Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie transferred its territories and claims to the Batavian Republic in 1798 and ceased to exist in 1799. Improving relations between Great Britain and Napoleonic France, and its vassal state the Batavian Republic, led the British to hand Cape Colony over to the Batavian Republic in 1803 (under the terms of the Treaty of Amiens).
In 1806, the Cape, now nominally controlled by the Batavian Republic, was occupied again by the British in the Battle of Blaauwberg. The temporary peace between Britain and Napoleonic France had crumbled into open hostilities, whilst Napoleon had been strengthening his influence on the Batavian Republic (which Napoleon would subsequently abolish later the same year). The British hoped to keep Napoleon out of the Cape, and to control the Far East trade routes.
They set up a British colony on 8 January, 1806. Cape Colony remained under British rule until the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, when it became the Cape of Good Hope Province, better known as the Cape Province
South Africa's tourist friendly Limpopo Province was originally named Northern Transvaal.The name was changed to Northern Province and was thereafter changed to Limpopo Province at the turn of the century. Both of the first two names were chosen because this is the most northern province in South Africa. The new name was chosen because the Limpopo River is a prominent feature throughout the province. This vast area is jam-packed with many interesting things to do, places to see and is best known for the game farms and reserves that beautify this lovely bushveld-rich province. The summers in Limpopo, South Africa have above average summer temperatures, and a very comfortable moderate temperature for the rest of the year. Limpopo Province is a highly sought after tourist destination, in particular because of the many exclusive and luxurious private Game Farms and Game reserves, where one is assured of seeing the "Big 5" - Elephant, Lion, Leopard, Buffalo and Rhino. Accommodation in Limpopo ranges from affordable B&B accommodation, more upmarket B&B's and Guest Houses, to Very exclusive Game lodges and Reserves. In fact, there is accommodation on offer to suit every pocket. Capmsites abound, as do backpacker's camps. There are many and varied activities and things to do in Limpopo. Hunting Safaris are particularly popular in Limpopo, as are game viewing safaris, fishing, including trout fishing, hiking, wilderness routes, and of course, the ever-popular golfing. One of tha main attractions in Hoedspruit in the Limpopo Province is undoubtably Moholoholo Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, along with the Hoedspruit Research and Breeding Centre for Endangered Species where more than 70 cheetahs and the "Painted Wolf" or Cape Hunting Dog, a Vulture Restaurant and other rare animals can be seen. There is also the artists and wilderness routes. See Places to See for further information. All of these activities and places of interest make Limpopo the ideal tourist destination in South Africa. The town of Phalaborwa in Limpopo, South Africa is situated within walking distance of the Phalaborwa entrance to the Kruger National Park, a great tourist destination. Phalaborwa forms an ideal base from which to explore this famous national game reserve, with the comfort of many accommodation options and a small shopping mall for convenience. Phalaborwa, South Africa, is often referred to as the town with two summers due to the fact that it never really gets cold there, even in winter. So for a tourist destination this is a "must see". Tourists can visit here all year round without having to pack their heavy coats! The Olifants river winds its way past Phalaborwa trough the Klasserie Nature Reserve (an area of 62 500ha) and into the Kruger National Park. The small charming traditional 'boere' town of Louis Trichardt now called Makhado in Limpopo, South Africa is nestled close to the Soutpansberg (Salt Pan Mountain). This is South Africa's most northern mountain range and this rugged terrain is filled with a famous tourist attraction - the giant baobab trees. The Soutpansberg mountain range at Louis Trichardt, South Africa is 130km long and is so named because of the large salt pan situated on the western slopes. The highest point, called Lajuma is home to scores of eagles, falcons and other predatory bird species. Another tourist attraction to these mountains is the fact that these mountains are home to the largest concentration of leopard that can be found - in the world! Musina, Limpopo is the most northerly town in South Africa and is close to the Great North road and the border post to Zimbabwe and thus, the rest of Africa! The rich copper fields in the North Country ultimately led to the founding and growth of Musina (then called Messina – the Afrikaans spelling). In Prehistoric times the Musina African tribe discovered the copper and called it Musina, in their language this word meant ‘spoiler'. The Musina tribe thought copper to be a poor substitute to Iron hence the name! It was rediscovered in the 20 th Century by prospectors. Today Musina, South Africa is the centre of a large iron ore, semi-precious stone, diamond, coal, graphite, magnetite and copper mining area. Thabazimbi is situated in the North West corner of Limpopo, South Africa. Thabazimbi is named after the exceptionally lucrative iron ore that was found in the area in 1919. The word Thabazimbi literally means Mountain Of Iron in a local language.The area around Thabazimbi, Limpopo was predominantly used for cattle farming and had a high standing in South Africa's beef industry. Not far from Thabazimbi is the town of Lephalale (Ellisras), Limpopo where you will find the world largest dry cooled power station called Matimba. Other tourist attractions include the Art Weekend at Thandanani and some of the most fascinating San Artwork to be seen in South Africa. If you are looking for hunting safaris, big 5 professional hunters, bowhunting, hunting outfitters, hunting farms, game farms or game outfitters, Limpopo Province in South Africa is the place to see. One of South Africas most tourist friendly towns is Tzaneen (Tzaneen is derived from the word 'tsaneng' which means 'come together' in an African Language) and is situated in the foothills of the impressive Wolkberg (Cloud Mountain). A must see for all Tourists as it is a gem of a tourist destination. Tzaneen, Limpopo, South Africa is a subtropical paradise with indigenous and exotic plants and forms the heart of the Valley of the Olifants region. Tzaneen is the second largest town in the Limpopo province of South Africa and Tzaneen is seen as the 'capital' of the lovely Letaba District which are more than 20 00 square kilometers of tropical and subtropical farming in the Letsitele River Valley - a real tourist destination with a great variety of accommodation. The Tzaneen, Limpopo, South Africa area is where the Shangaans and the Sotho people originated and their ethnic cultures and lifestyles are shown in a living Museum in Tzaneen, South Africa, on the Hans Merensky Nature Reserve. The Hans Merensky Nature Reserve is an ideal Tourist rendezvous point that offers accommodation and lots of information on Limpopo.This is a destination that suites all tastes and pockets with an impressive range of accommodation, several that have brought particular honour to the region through their national awards for excellence. Did you know that the name Modimolle means 'Place of the Spirits" and that the original name of this place in Limpopo was Nylstroom, called thus after some Voortrekkers came across the north-flowing river and mistook the river for the Nile River in Egypt. The fact that there is a pyramid shaped hill close by only served to strengthen this misconception. Modimolle, Limpopo, South Africa, was previously known as Nylstroom and is a charming town which serves as the commercial centre of the Waterberg. Modimolle's landmark is a solitary hill named Kranskop. This is the reason for the new name of this town in Limpopo, as this hill is revered to as Modimolle hill by the African people in the area. The Anglo-Boer war concentration camp was established in Nylstroom /Modimolle, South Africa in 1901.Hoedspruit in Limpopo, South Africa borders on the Kruger National Park and is known as the 'Valley of the Olifants' Hoedspruit used to be a small and comparatively unspoiled tourism and agriculturally orientated town in the centre of the lowveld. The Hoedspruit area in South Africa encompasses the middle reaches of the Olifants River with its major tributaries, the Letaba, Shingwedzi, Blyde, Mohlapitse, Ga-Selati, Timbavati and Klasserie Rivers and makes a great tourist destination. Hoedspruit is an area offering most tourist attractions such as, rich wildlife, scenery, mountains, rivers, dams, archaeology, cultural and ethnic attractions and important sites associated with the history of the region. Bela Bela / Warmbaths, South Africa was originally named Warmbad, but has now been renamed. This town in Limpopo derived the name Bela Bela from the Tswana language and can be loosely translated as ‘boiling-boiling'. A natural spring providing 22 000 liters of therapeutic water at 50°C is obvious fact to the name Bela Bela as it was named in the early 19 th Century by the Tswana tribes that encountered this phenomenon. It was only in the 1870's that the Transvaal Government decided to buy the land to build a resort and support the township in the area. Bela Bela now offers many types of accommodation, recreation and extreme sports. Last but definitely not least is the City of Polokwane in Limpopo, South Africa which serves as the capital of Limpopo, South Africa and is a definite must see for the tourist as it boasts numerous attractions and activities as well as serving as the economic center for the total area of South Africa, north of Gauteng. In 1884 this land (Polokwane, South Africa) was made available for settlement by the ZAR (Zuid Afrikaanshe Republiek) and was named Pietersburg in honor of the revered Voortrekker leader General Pieter Jacobus Joubert and was proclaimed in 1886. This city has enjoyed a hundred and twenty years of prosperity and has grown rapidly due to its geographical location. The city of Pietersburg was one of the first places in South Africa to change its name after the fall of ‘Apartheid' to Polokwane, which in the local language translates to ‘Place of Safety'.
MPUMALANGA
One of South Africa's major tourist destinations is found in the South African Province of Mpumalanga, which means 'Place where the sun rises', and is bordered by Mozambique and Swaziland in the east, and Gauteng in the west. Mpumalanga in South Africa is a sought after tourist destination, abounding in accommodation establishments, places to see, and things to do. Its many tourist attractions and places to see include the Kruger National Park, the Sudwala Caves, Bourke's Luck Potholes, Pilgrim's Rest and the Panorama Route - a place of great scenic beauty. This website provides information on Mpumalanga accommodation and tourist destinations within the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa. There are many, many things to do in Mpumalanga, including adventure activities, hiking, camping, white water rafting, bungi jumping, the Big Swing - all offered within the Panorama route of Mpumalanga. Each of the towns listed above have their own unique tourist destinations and tourist activities. Nelspruit houses the Sudwala caves, is close to the Kruger National Park and has an abundance of curio shops and business sector. Scenic Sabie and Graskop are the gateway to the Long Tom Pass, with its fascinating history of the Anglo/Boer wars and surrounding battlefields. Dullstroom offers the Dullstroom Bird of Prey & Rehabilitation Centre, Malelane is the gateway to Mozambique. Barberton and Pilgrim's Rest offer the history of the gold rush in South Africa, while each of the towns in this site cater for all tourist requirements with regards to accommodation in Mpumalanga - be it a bed and breakfast accommodation, a Game Farm experience, Hotel accommodation, Guest Lodge or self-catering accommodation. They cater for tourists, locals, businessmen, backpackers, holiday makers and family groups: ranging from budget accommodation to ultra-luxury accommodation. There is something for everyone!
Mpumalanga South Africa falls mainly within the Grassland Biome. The Escarprnent and the Lowveld form a transitional zone between this grassland area and the Savannah Biome. Long sweeps of undulating grasslands abruptly change to the thickly forested ravines and cascading waterfalls of the escarpment, only to change again to present the subtropical wildlife splendour of the Lowveld. The escarpment and the Lowveld have always been popular tourist attractions. Now that new borders have been drawn for this province, only the southern, albeit most popular, part of the Kruger National Park is within this province.
The area is crisscrossed by a network of excellent roads and railway connections, making it highly accessible to the tourist. Because of its popularity as a tourist destination, Mpumalanga is also well served by a number of small airports.
The Kruger National Park will, however, remain an untouched unit, a province for wildlife on its own. This is a huge tourist attraction for overseas tourists. Kruger National Park in South Africa's province of Mpumalanga occupies most of Mpumalanga's and Northern Province's borders with Mozambique, and covers over 20 000 square kilometers - an area the size of Whales or Massachusetts. Kruger National Park is the easiest African game park to drive around in on your own; staying at one of Kruger NationalPark's many well-run rest camps. On its western border lie a number of private reserves, offering alternate accommodation to the Kruger National Park, with well-informed rangers conducting safaris in open vehicles. Accommodation in Mpumalanga, South Africa, is mostly of a very high standard. If you are looking for B and B accommodation, or self-cateringaccommodation, especially for longer stays, this is the place to be, while you explore some of the many and variedtourist destinations.There is an abundance of tourist attractions in South Africa, many of which are situated in Mpumalanga South Africa. Adventure holidays and entertainment abound in Mpumalang's towns surrounding the magnificent Panorama Route. Scenic tours, day trips and overnight stays in the Kruger National Park are easily arraged through tour operators in the Mpumalanga Province. Each town on Mpumalanga Happenings website has a fascinating history, whether it is about the Gold Rush in Barberton and Pilgrim's Rest, or about the Anglo/British wars, or the amazing hardships and obstacles that beset the leaders of the Great Trek.
Mpumalanga Province of South Africa is situated mainly on the high plateau grasslands of the Middleveld, which roll eastwards for hundreds of kilometres. In the north-east it rises towards mountain peaks and then terminates in an immense and breathtaking escarpment. In places this escarpment plunges hundreds of metres down to the low-lying area known as the Lowveld. Mpumalanga is located on the South of Northern Province, East of Gauteng, North West of KwaZulu Natal, West of Swaziland and Mozambique.
Nelspruit is the legislative capital of the province. This town is the administrative and business centre of the Lowveld and provides a perfect base from which to explore the province. Witbank is the centre of the local coal-mining industry; Standerton, in the south, is renowned for its large dairy industry; Piet Retief in the south-east is a production area for tropical fruit and sugar; while a large sugar industry is also found at Malelane in the east. Ermelo is the district in South Africa which produces the most wool; Barberton is one of the oldest gold-mining towns in South Africa; and Sabie is situated in the forestry heartland of the country. The green gold of Sabie and Graskop provides a large part of the country's total requirement for forestry products. These forestry plantations are also an ideal backdrop for ecotourism opportunities, with a variety of popular hiking trails, myriad water-falls, patches of indigenous forest and a variety of nature reserves. The biggest of these is the Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve, where God's Window provides unforgettable vistas of the Lowveld. An oasis is provided by the mineral springs at Badplaas. Chrissiesmeer is the largest natural freshwater lake in South Africa. It is famous for its large variety of aquatic birds, especially flamingos. The Sudwala Caves, deep in the dolomite rocks of the surrounding mountains, is a worth- while tourist stop. This evergreen comer of the country has enormous tourism potential.
The Panorama Route, one of the scenic highlights of any tour through South Africa, proceeds along the escarpment. In the expanse of the Lowveld lies the Kruger National Park, the world's biggest game reserve. The Panorama Route in Mpumalanga includes some magnificent tourist destinations, such as: The Bourke's Luck Potholes, The Sudwala Caves, God's Window, The Three Sisters, Pilgrim's Rest (with its historical restored buildings filled with curios of the highest quality, as well as the history of the Gold Rush in South Africa), The Lydenburg Heads as well as a variety of Trout Farms and Trout Fishing venues. The Panorama Route is a must for all tourists to Mpumalanga Province.
MOZAMBIQUE
HISTORY; see also Maputo Bay and Surrounds
The first inhabitants of Mozambique were of the Khoisani people, viz. San hunter gatherers. The Nguni (Bantu) people migrated southwards, from the north of Africa,crossing the Zambezi River valley, which was a major barrier, and down the coastal plain during the first millennium of the Christian era viz. the first to the fourth centuries AD. They then gradually spread into the plateau and coastal areas of South Eastern Africa.This migration was mainly confined to the east of the 600mm rainfall line and they were farmers and herders as well being of the iron age, using metal tools and implements.Today most of Mozambique's indigenous peoples are of this Nguni origin. Mozambique had an established Arab presence by the 10th century. Coastal trade was at first dominated by Arabs and Persians, who had established settlements as far south as Mozambique Island. Mozambique was in fact named after the Arab sheik on Mozambique Island called "Musa Bin Biki" when Vasco de Gama first landed there in 1498. de Gama was the first European to reach Mozambique. The Arabs traded with these Bantu-speaking people, mainly in ivory, gold and slaves, (Black Gold) supplied by kingdoms in the interior hinterland. In time intermarriage between these two groups gave rise to the Swahili culture which is still dominant in the Eastern African coastal areas down to northern Mozambique.One of the oldest and most southerly of these trading groups, was the Kingdom of Mwene Mutapa (Monomatapo) with it's capital at Great Zimbabwe. These are the ancestors of the Shona people. This empire extended south from the Zambesi River incorporating the Save River down to the Limpopo River, and then eastwards to the coast. The main outlets to the sea were at Sofala, south of Beira and at Mozambique Island further north.The first European to reach Mozambique was Vasco da Gama after he had rounded the Southern tip of Africa in 1498. He had thus opened up the trade route from Europe to India. Portugal became the dominant trading power of the East Coast of Africa, by conquering the Arab trading settlements and it monopolised the Indian Ocean trading routes for two centuries until they were defeated by the Omani Arabs at the end of the 17th century.The Portuguese made Mozambique Island their headquarters until they changed it to Delagoa Bay, which became Lourenco Marques and now Maputo in 1897. For further history of Delagoa Bay, Lourenco Marques and now Maputo, refer to "Maputo Bay and Surrounds". The first Portuguese fort built in Mozambique was at Sofala to protect their gold trade route. A settlement was also built at Quelimane north of the Zambesi River. The Zambesi River became the main trade route with forts and trading posts at Tete and Sena on the banks of the river, trading for gold ivory and slaves in exchange for European trade goods, like beads and tools and cloths.In the 1600s Portuguese traders and retired soldiers seized large areas of land in the Zambesi Valley and established what was known as Prazos or agricultural estates, using slave labour or forced local communities to supply workers. These "Prazeros" as they were known became very wealthy and dominated the area as independant powers for 300 years. The Prazos were stopped in the early 1900s.
Mozambique, formally also known as Portuguese East Africa, became a Portuguese colony in 1505, becoming an overseas province of Portugal in 1951.
CAPE TOWN
The Cape Colony of the future South Africa was established by the Dutch East India Company (not by the Netherlands, as is often mistakenly presumed) in 1652, with the founding of Cape Town. It was subsequently occupied in 1795, and finally just taken in 1806 by the British - the period immediately before and during the Napoleonic Wars. It was coextensive with the later Cape Province, stretching from the Atlantic coast inland and eastward along the southern coast, constituting about half of modern South Africa: the final eastern boundary, after several wars against the Xhosa, stood at the Fish River. In the north, the Orange River, also known as the Gariep River, served for a long time as the boundary, although some land between the river and the southern boundary of Botswana was later added to it.The history of Cape Colony started in 1652 with the founding of Cape Town by Dutch commander Jan van Riebeeck, working for the Dutch East India Company, known in Dutch as the "Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie" (VOC).
Napoléon occupied the Seven Provinces of the Netherlands in 1795, or the mother country of the Dutch East India Company. This prompted Great Britain to occupy the territory in 1795 as a tactic in the Napoleonic Wars. The Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie transferred its territories and claims to the Batavian Republic in 1798 and ceased to exist in 1799. Improving relations between Great Britain and Napoleonic France, and its vassal state the Batavian Republic, led the British to hand Cape Colony over to the Batavian Republic in 1803 (under the terms of the Treaty of Amiens).
In 1806, the Cape, now nominally controlled by the Batavian Republic, was occupied again by the British in the Battle of Blaauwberg. The temporary peace between Britain and Napoleonic France had crumbled into open hostilities, whilst Napoleon had been strengthening his influence on the Batavian Republic (which Napoleon would subsequently abolish later the same year). The British hoped to keep Napoleon out of the Cape, and to control the Far East trade routes.
They set up a British colony on 8 January, 1806. Cape Colony remained under British rule until the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, when it became the Cape of Good Hope Province, better known as the Cape Province
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Let’s talk fresh snowfall. Let’s talk fun. Let’s talk Colorado.
From incredible snowboarding and skiing to other outdoor adventures, Colorado offers countless activities from the extreme to the extremely relaxing. You’ll also find authentic historic attractions, great arts and entertainment, as well as award-winning dining – everything you need to create a perfect winter vacation or weekend getaway.
With 300 days of annual sunshine, the world-famous Rocky Mountains, record snowfalls and great vacation values, now is the time to visit Colorado.
At Colorado.com, you'll find all the best things to see and do in Colorado – with travel planning information, articles and trip ideas, information on cities and towns, maps, itineraries and more.
For those interested in Colorado’s world-famous ski and snowboard areas,Colorado is the best place to be.
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